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Held by 108 of 2,417 reporting institutions (90th percentile) — extremely crowded.
Data as of Q3 2026
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Total shares institutions bought (green) vs sold (red) each quarter across all holders.
Inferred from quarter-over-quarter change in each fund's 13F position (new stakes count as buys, exits as sells). Not tick-level trades.
Ranked against 17 sector peers with collected financials. Valuation from latest close × latest fiscal-year fundamentals; 13F conviction as of 2026-09-30.
Percentile is “goodness” within the peer set (100 = best). For valuation and leverage that means cheaper / less-levered ranks higher.
| Company | Mkt cap ▼ | P/E | EV/EBITDA | P/S | Rev gr | Gross | Net | ROE | ROIC | Net D/EBITDA | 13F |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CCZ | $238.6B | 12.0× | 8.9× | 1.9× | -0.0% | — | 16.2% | 20.6% | 10.2% | 2.4× | — |
| VZ | $185.4B | 11.0× | 6.9× | 1.3× | 2.5% | — | 12.4% | 16.2% | 7.0% | 2.7× | 1,167 |
| TMUS | $165.7B | 16.1× | 7.8× | 1.9× | 8.5% | — | 12.4% | 18.6% | 7.6% | 2.5× | 487 |
| T | $144.2B | 7.0× | 6.0× | 1.1× | 2.7% | — | 17.5% | 17.4% | 8.1% | 2.8× | 1,004 |
| WBD | $77.6B | 106.7× | 16.5× | 2.1× | -5.1% | — | 1.9% | 2.0% | 1.1% | 4.4× | 367 |
| ROKU | $23.0B | 262.9× | — | 4.9× | 15.2% | 43.8% | 1.9% | 3.3% | 3.3% | — | 179 |
| CHTR | $12.8B | 3.1× | 5.1× | 0.2× | -0.6% | — | 9.1% | 31.1% | 4.5% | 4.5× | 192 |
| GSAT | $10.7B | — | 114.4× | 39.1× | 9.0% | — | -3.2% | -2.4% | -1.0% | 0.4× | 56 |
| VSAT | $10.6B | — | 7.8× | 2.3× | 2.7% | — | -0.7% | -0.7% | -0.7% | -1.5× | 106 |
| SIRI | $9.8B | 13.0× | 10.2× | 1.1× | -1.6% | 52.4% | 9.4% | 7.0% | 3.8% | 5.1× | 148 |
| NXST | $5.3B | 57.1× | 8.6× | 1.1× | -8.5% | — | 2.2% | 5.3% | 1.3% | 4.6× | 108 |
| LUMN | $5.0B | — | 2.1× | 0.4× | -5.4% | 46.5% | -14.0% | 156% | 156% | -0.5× | 144 |
| IRDM | $4.8B | 42.4× | 14.4× | 5.5× | 4.9% | — | 13.1% | 24.7% | 5.1% | 3.7× | 104 |
| TDS | $3.9B | — | 15.4× | 3.2× | -5.3% | — | -0.5% | -0.1% | -0.1% | -3.7× | 63 |
| AD | $2.8B | 58.7× | — | 17.4× | 58.3% | 51.2% | 29.9% | 1.9% | 1.9% | — | 20 |
| LBTYA | $2.7B | — | — | 0.5× | 12.4% | 65.8% | -146% | -73.3% | -39.0% | — | — |
| ADEA | $2.4B | 21.7× | 15.3× | 5.3× | 17.9% | — | 25.1% | 23.1% | 12.4% | 1.9× | 57 |
| CALX | $2.3B | 141.6× | 56.2× | 2.3× | 20.3% | 56.8% | 1.8% | 2.1% | 2.1% | -3.7× | 49 |
Peers = companies sharing NXST's sector (Television Broadcasting Stations) with collected SEC financials. Multiples use the most recent end-of-day close and latest fiscal-year fundamentals (trailing, not forward). Missing cells mean the peer never reported that line item, has no collected price, or has a non-positive denominator. Not investment advice.
Top 40 institutional holders — bubble size is position value, color is the move since last quarter. Hover any holder for detail.
Drag any bubble to rearrange · size = dollar value of the position
Solve the discounted cash flow backwards, then stress-test the assumptions.
Average free cash flow across the last 3 positive fiscal years (FY2023, FY2024, FY2025). Smooths the cycle. Stock compensation is NOT charged — it is added back inside operating cash flow.
To be worth $171.44 today, the market must believe free cash flow compounds 1.4%/yr for a decade (off $899.3M on the 3-yr avg basis).
On the basis ($827.3M) the requirement is 2.5%/yr. Shares issued to employees are added back in operating cash flow, so this basis treats them as free.
The market's 1.4% is more conservative than its 9-yr track record.
Default is 10.0% — this company's computed cost of capital (published default — this company's cost of capital could not be computed), the same rate the Analysis tab discounts at.
2-stage DCF · 0.03B shares (market data) · net debt $6.05B
mean 203.1% · volatility σ 549% · implied rate exceeded in 5/9 yrs
Central path = implied 1.4%/yr growth; shaded band = ±1σ (549%) of this company's historical FCF volatility, widening with time. The wider the band, the less certain the growth.
Reverse DCF: rather than guessing a fair value, we solve for the growth the current price implies, then you stress-test the assumptions. Enterprise value of the FCF stream, less net debt, ÷ shares. Educational — not a recommendation.
What the company returns to shareholders — and whether it's covered by cash.
The dividend is comfortably covered — only 30% of free cash flow, leaving room to grow it and fund buybacks. Last year: $226.0M dividends + $125.0M buybacks = $351.0M returned on $743.0M FCF.
9 consecutive years of dividend increases · 26%/yr.
Yields use the latest fiscal-year dividends/buybacks over current market cap. Dividends and buybacks from the SEC cash-flow statement; payout coverage vs net income and free cash flow. Educational — not a recommendation.
How management deployed cash over 10 years — and what it earned on reinvestment.
A reinvestment story — most cash went back into growth rather than to shareholders.
Modest payoff on reinvested capital. Current ROIC on all capital: 1%. Rough measure (includes maintenance capex).
Cash uses aggregated from the SEC cash-flow statement over 10 fiscal years. "Return on reinvestment" is a rough proxy — operating-income change ÷ cumulative CapEx + M&A — and includes maintenance capex. Educational — not a recommendation.
How much the company owes, how it's trended, and how comfortably it's serviced.
Cash of $280.0M covers the $111.0M due within a year 2.5× over. Scheduled principal only (excludes interest & revolver draws). As of 2025-12-31 (10-K).
Green ≤ 1.5× · amber ≤ 3× · red > 3× (leverage relative to cash earnings).
Coverage is adequate but not comfortable. Effective rate ~5.0% on $2.34B of debt. Interest last disclosed in FY2016 (no longer broken out).
Cash of $280.0M fully covers short-term debt of $111.0M.
Mostly long-term debt (balance-sheet current vs non-current split). See the maturity ladder above for the year-by-year repayment schedule.
Debt, cash, interest and equity from the SEC balance sheet & income statement. Effective rate = interest ÷ average debt. Maturity ladder from the SEC long-term-debt repayment schedule. Educational — not a recommendation.
EOD close · as of 2026-10-30
How a revenue dollar becomes profit — FY2025
Dividends and buybacks are cash paid out, shown here against the same year's profit for scale — not funded from it. This year they exceeded net income, so the ribbons are capped at earnings and understate what was actually returned.
Each value shows its share of revenue below it (common-size).
| Line Item | FY2025 | FY2024 | FY2023 | FY2022 | FY2021 | FY2020 | FY2019 | FY2018 | FY2017 | FY2016 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Revenue | $4.95B 100.0% | $5.41B 100.0% | $4.93B 100.0% | $5.21B 100.0% | $4.65B 100.0% | $4.50B 100.0% | $3.04B 100.0% | $2.77B 100.0% | $2.43B 100.0% | $1.10B 100.0% |
| Selling, General & Admin | $1.06B 21.5% | $1.09B 20.1% | $1.10B 22.3% | $1.10B 21.1% | $1.02B 22.0% | $912.1M 20.3% | $730.0M 24.0% | $579.9M 21.0% | $605.1M 24.9% | $263.6M 23.9% |
| Total Operating Expenses | $4.10B 82.8% | $4.14B 76.5% | $4.22B 85.6% | $3.90B 74.8% | $3.47B 74.7% | $3.13B 69.4% | $2.38B 78.4% | $2.01B 72.6% | $1.93B 79.2% | $815.9M 74.0% |
| Operating Income | $849.0M 17.2% | $1.27B 23.5% | $708.0M 14.4% | $1.31B 25.2% | $1.18B 25.3% | $1.38B 30.6% | $655.1M 21.6% | $757.8M 27.4% | $505.6M 20.8% | $287.3M 26.0% |
| Interest Expense | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | $117.2M 10.6% |
| Other Income (Expense), net | — | -$2.0M -0.0% | — | -$10.0M -0.2% | -$2.0M -0.0% | -$1.0M -0.0% | -$684K -0.0% | -$39K -0.0% | -$16K -0.0% | -$555K -0.1% |
| Pretax Income | $150.0M 3.0% | $959.0M 17.7% | $401.0M 8.1% | $1.22B 23.4% | $1.09B 23.5% | $1.10B 24.5% | $373.3M 12.3% | $532.9M 19.3% | $241.4M 9.9% | $170.7M 15.5% |
| Income Tax Expense | $67.0M 1.4% | $276.0M 5.1% | $131.0M 2.7% | $274.0M 5.3% | $263.0M 5.7% | $296.5M 6.6% | $137.0M 4.5% | $144.7M 5.2% | -$233.9M -9.6% | $77.6M 7.0% |
| Net Income | $83.0M 1.7% | $683.0M 12.6% | $270.0M 5.5% | $944.0M 18.1% | $830.0M 17.9% | $811.5M 18.0% | $230.3M 7.6% | $389.5M 14.1% | $475.0M 19.5% | $91.5M 8.3% |
| Per Share | ||||||||||
| EPS (Basic) | $3.04 | $21.73 | $9.78 | $24.68 | $19.81 | $18.06 | $5.01 | $8.52 | $10.38 | $2.98 |
| EPS (Diluted) | $3.00 | $21.41 | $9.64 | $24.16 | $18.98 | $17.37 | $4.80 | $8.21 | $10.07 | $2.89 |
| Weighted Avg Shares (Basic) | 30.3M | 32.3M | 35.3M | 39.3M | 42.1M | 44.9M | 46.0M | 45.7M | 45.8M | 30.7M |
| Weighted Avg Shares (Diluted) | 30.7M | 32.8M | 35.8M | 40.2M | 44.0M | 46.7M | 47.9M | 47.4M | 47.1M | 31.7M |
Source: SEC EDGAR XBRL filings (annual, fiscal year). Quarterly flow items are derived from cumulative filings; balance-sheet figures are as-of each period end. Ratios and margins are computed, not reported.
Total return (dividends reinvested) vs the market, from quarter-end prices.
Above 0 = ahead of the S&P 500 since the window start; below 0 = behind. Rising means it's pulling ahead.
How far the stock fell below its prior peak. Deeper, longer drawdowns = a rougher ride to the same return.
Quarter-end, dividend-adjusted (total return). Beta & volatility from quarterly returns (annualized). Benchmark is the S&P 500 (SPY total return). Annual returns compound the quarters ending in each calendar year; the first and last years in a window may be partial. Past performance doesn't predict future results.
Last reported position per insider, carried forward. Steps can be a holding disclosed for the first time rather than a trade.
| Date | Insider | What it was | Shares | Price | Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2026-09-23 | Alford Andrew President, Broadcasting | Open-market sale | 2,823 | $165.69 | $468k |
| 2026-08-24 | Aulestia Bernadette S. Director | Open-market sale | 300 | $186.80 | $56k |
| 2026-08-24 | 3 co-filers President & COO | Open-market sale | 2,465 | $185.82 | $458k |
| 2026-08-21 | 3 co-filers President & COO |
Every row is classified by what it MEANT, not by its SEC code. A code is not a meaning: code P (“purchase”) also covers dividend reinvestment and employee stock purchase plans, and code S (“sale”) also covers 10b5-1 plan sales scheduled months earlier and option exercises sold the same day.
Across 30 days of all filings, $5.08bn of insider selling contained $3.50bn of plan sales and $0.46bn of exercise-and-sell. Only 29% was discretionary. Reading an unclassified feed badly overstates how much insiders decided.
Buys and sales are counted separately and never netted. They are different decisions by different people; a company where one officer bought while another sold is not “neutral”.
The holding line carries each insider's last reported position forward, so it shows the total held rather than a sawtooth of whoever traded that day. It covers only insiders who filed in the window.
“Filed late” counts calendar days past the two-business-day deadline with five days' grace, so a Thursday or Friday trade crossing a weekend is never flagged. It describes the company's filing discipline, not the trade.
Insider activity is descriptive. Nothing here is investment advice.
| 6,250 |
| $0.00 |
| $0 |
| 2026-08-21 | 3 co-filers President & COO | Option exercise | 6,250 | $0.00 | — |
| 2026-08-14 | Zimmer Dana See Remarks | Open-market sale | 4,008 | $187.46 | $751k |
| 2026-06-26 | Sook Perry A Chief Executive Officer | Open-market buy | 12,235 | $162.26 | $2.0m |
| 2026-06-16 | 3 co-filers EVP, Chief Financial Officer | Open-market sale | 373 | $170.81 | $64k |
| 2026-06-16 | 3 co-filers See Remarks | Open-market sale | 876 | $170.81 | $150k |
| 2026-06-16 | 3 co-filers See Remarks | Open-market sale | 261 | $170.81 | $45k |
| 2026-06-16 | 3 co-filers EVP, Operations | Open-market sale | 261 | $170.81 | $45k |
| 2026-06-16 | 3 co-filers EVP, Human Resources | Open-market sale | 93 | $170.81 | $16k |
| 2026-06-16 | 3 co-filers See Remarks | Open-market sale | 301 | $170.81 | $51k |
| 2026-06-16 | 3 co-filers President, Networks | Open-market sale | 840 | $170.81 | $143k |
| 2026-06-16 | 3 co-filers President, Broadcasting | Open-market sale | 746 | $170.81 | $127k |
| 2026-06-14 | 3 co-filers See Remarks | Option exercise | 656 | — | — |
| 2026-06-14 | 3 co-filers See Remarks | Option exercise | 938 | — | — |
| 2026-06-14 | 3 co-filers EVP, Operations | Option exercise | 656 | — | — |
| 2026-06-14 | 3 co-filers EVP, Chief Financial Officer | Option exercise | 938 | — | — |
| 2026-06-14 | 3 co-filers EVP, Human Resources | Option exercise | 375 | — | — |
| 2026-06-14 | 3 co-filers President, Broadcasting | Option exercise | 938 | — | — |
| 2026-06-14 | 3 co-filers See Remarks | Option exercise | 656 | — | — |
| 2026-06-14 | 3 co-filers President, Networks | Option exercise | 938 | — | — |
| 2026-06-14 | 3 co-filers President, Broadcasting | Option exercise | 938 | $0.00 | — |
| 2026-06-14 | 3 co-filers See Remarks | Option exercise | 656 | $0.00 | — |
| 2026-06-14 | 3 co-filers EVP, Operations | Option exercise | 656 | $0.00 | — |
| 2026-06-14 | 3 co-filers EVP, Human Resources | Option exercise | 375 | $0.00 | — |
| 2026-06-14 | 3 co-filers See Remarks | Option exercise | 656 | $0.00 | — |
| 2026-06-14 | 3 co-filers See Remarks | Option exercise | 938 | $0.00 | — |
| 2026-06-14 | 3 co-filers President, Networks | Option exercise | 938 | $0.00 | — |
| 2026-06-14 | 3 co-filers EVP, Chief Financial Officer | Option exercise | 938 | $0.00 | — |
| 2026-06-12 | Weitman Gary See Remarks | Open-market sale | 194 | $174.21 | $34k |
| 2026-06-12 | Biard Michael President & COO | Open-market sale | 1,227 | $174.21 | $214k |
| 2026-06-10 | Russell Blake EVP, Operations | Open-market sale | 239 | $176.42 | $42k |
| 2026-06-10 | Jenkins Brett See Remarks | Open-market sale | 284 | $176.42 | $50k |
| 2026-06-10 | Gliha Lee Ann EVP, Chief Financial Officer | Open-market sale | 752 | $176.42 | $133k |
| 2026-06-10 | Zimmer Dana See Remarks | Open-market sale | 915 | $176.42 | $161k |
| 2026-06-10 | Compton Sean President, Networks | Open-market sale | 875 | $176.42 | $154k |
| 2026-06-10 | Alford Andrew President, Broadcasting | Open-market sale | 778 | $176.42 | $137k |
| 2026-06-10 | 2 co-filers See Remarks | Option exercise | 750 | — | — |
EOD close · as of 2026-10-30
Where each multiple sits in its own 14-yr range · 60th pct blended
Dot = today · shaded = middle 50% · line = median. Lower percentile = cheaper vs its own 14-yr history.
Is the profit real, and how strong is the balance sheet?
FY2025 · every deduction from revenue to net income
DuPont — the three levers
ROE 5% against ROIC 1% — 4% of the return on equity comes from leverage and buybacks rather than from the operating business.
What the company owes vs. what it holds
This shows debt/cash structure and net leverage. The year-by-year maturity schedule is on the Debt & Leverage tab.
Latest year: profit growth vs revenue growth
High operating leverage: profit moved 3.9× as fast as sales — great in an upturn, painful in a downturn.
Each line as % of revenue — the trend in color
| % of revenue | FY2018 | FY2019 | FY2020 | FY2021 | FY2022 | FY2023 | FY2024 | FY2025 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SG&A | 21.0 | 24.0 | 20.3 | 22.0 | 21.1 | 22.3 | 20.1 | 21.5 |
| Operating Income | 27.4 | 21.6 | 30.6 | 25.3 | 25.2 | 14.4 | 23.5 | 17.2 |
| Income Tax | 5.2 | 4.5 | 6.6 | 5.7 | 5.3 | 2.7 | 5.1 | 1.4 |
| Net Income | 14.1 | 7.6 | 18.0 | 17.9 | 18.1 | 5.5 | 12.6 | 1.7 |
Green = margin-favorable vs the row's own range · red = unfavorable.
The metrics that matter, over time
A 30-second read on NXST: price, valuation and headline fundamentals from SEC filings. The four questions at the top of the page are where the judgements live.
Earns 1.72pts above its cost of capital, but net margin has stepped down from 1863.37% to 220.25% over 3 years.
| Period | ROIC | Cost of capital | Spread |
|---|---|---|---|
| FY2019 | 4.3% | 3.7% (today's — no rate published for this year) | 0.6pts |
| FY2020 | 9.3% | 3.7% (today's — no rate published for this year) | 5.5pts |
| FY2021 | 7.9% | 3.7% (today's — no rate published for this year) | 4.2pts |
| FY2022 | 9.3% | 3.7% (today's — no rate published for this year) | 5.6pts |
| FY2023 | 5.3% | 3.7% (today's — no rate published for this year) | 1.6pts |
| FY2024 | 9.8% | 3.7% (today's — no rate published for this year) | 6.1pts |
| FY2025 | 7.0% | 3.7% (today's — no rate published for this year) | 3.3pts |
| Now | 1.3% | 3.7% | -2.4pts |
| Fiscal year | Gross margin | Operating margin | Net margin |
|---|---|---|---|
| FY2016 | not reported | 26.0% | 8.3% |
| FY2017 | not reported | 20.8% | 19.5% |
| FY2018 | not reported | 27.4% | 14.1% |
| FY2019 | not reported | 21.6% | 7.6% |
| FY2020 | not reported | 30.6% | 18.0% |
| FY2021 | not reported | 25.3% | 17.9% |
| FY2022 | not reported | 25.2% | 18.6% |
| FY2023 | not reported | 14.4% | 7.0% |
| FY2024 | not reported | 23.5% | 13.4% |
| FY2025 | not reported | 17.2% | 2.2% |
Leverage and buybacks account for 4 points of the 5% return on equity in FY2025. The business earns 1% on the capital it employs; the rest is balance sheet.
ROE is on average equity; ROIC is NOPAT over average invested capital (debt plus equity less excess cash). The gap is not a single adjustment.
$5.0B of goodwill — 46% of invested capital. The gap is what was paid above the fair value of what was bought; it is real capital shareholders provided, so neither bar is the whole answer.
ROIC ex-goodwill is 10.06% against 5.43% reported — the return is earned on a capital base inflated by what was paid for acquisitions, not by the operating business alone.
Converts 2.67x of reported profit into free cash flow over 5 years, with accruals negative.
Reported free cash flow is $743M; after share-based compensation it is $665M. The difference is a real cost that the cash flow statement adds back.
Debt is present but there is no positive EBITDA or no reported interest expense, so coverage cannot be measured.
Ladder as of 2025-12-31 (10-K); cash from the 2025-12-31 balance sheet; FCF from FY2025.
Balance sheet at 2025-12-31. Undrawn revolving credit is not shown: the tag is collected but not yet mapped through to the API.
No material counter-signal in the checked set: net debt / EBITDA, interest coverage, stressed coverage, maturity schedule vs cash and one year of FCF, liquidity ratios.
Missing from our data, so excluded from this answer: interest_expense.
At $171.44, free cash flow must compound 1.72%/yr for 10 years. It has done 22.49%/yr over 6 years.
| Fiscal year | FCF growth | Price requires |
|---|---|---|
| FY2020 | 371.5% | 1.7% |
| FY2021 | 2.6% | 1.7% |
| FY2022 | 17.1% | 1.7% |
| FY2023 | −31.8% | 1.7% |
| FY2024 | 30.0% | 1.7% |
| FY2025 | −32.8% | 1.7% |
The percentile ranks the FISCAL-YEAR point, because the distribution behind each strip is built from fiscal-year closes — ranking a TTM figure inside it would compare two different bases. TTM basis: TTM.
The cost of capital could not be computed for this company, so the requirement is solved at the published 10% default — a different rate would move it materially.
| Step | Amount | Running total |
|---|---|---|
| Net income | $109M | $109M |
| Share-based comp | $78M | $187M |
| Other non-cash & working capital | $704M | $891M |
| Operating cash flow | $891M | $891M |
| Capex | −$148M | $743M |
| Free cash flow | $743M | $743M |
| FCF after SBC | $665M | $665M |
| Fiscal year | Revenue growth | Receivables growth | Gap |
|---|---|---|---|
| FY2020 | 48.1% | 2.4% | -45.7 points |
| FY2021 | 3.3% | 12.8% | 9.6 points |
| FY2022 | 12.1% | 5.8% | -6.3 points |
| FY2023 | -5.3% | 1.4% | 6.7 points |
| FY2024 | 9.6% | -6.1% | -15.7 points |
| FY2025 | -8.5% | 4.6% | 13.0 points |
| Fiscal year | DSO | DIO | DPO | Cash conversion cycle |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FY2019 | 106.2 days | not reported | not reported | not reported |
| FY2020 | 73.4 days | not reported | not reported | not reported |
| FY2021 | 80.2 days | not reported | not reported | not reported |
| FY2022 | 75.6 days | not reported | not reported | not reported |
| FY2023 | 81 days | not reported | not reported | not reported |
| FY2024 | 69.4 days | not reported | not reported | not reported |
| FY2025 | 79.3 days | not reported | not reported | not reported |
| Fiscal year | Accruals / assets |
|---|---|
| FY2019 | -1.3 percent |
| FY2020 | -3.3 percent |
| FY2021 | -2.9 percent |
| FY2022 | -3.4 percent |
| FY2023 | -5.4 percent |
| FY2024 | -4.6 percent |
| FY2025 | -7.2 percent |
Below the line, the asset base is being consumed faster than it is replaced.
Below the line for 6 consecutive years to the latest.
Depreciation here includes amortisation of acquired intangibles — goodwill written down over time, customer lists, acquired technology. Capex does not replace those and is not meant to, so an acquisitive or asset-light company sits below 1.0 permanently and correctly. The signal is cleanest for capital-intensive businesses, where the two measure the same physical base. For that reason this informs the earnings-quality verdict but never caps it.
SBC is added back inside operating cash flow, so reported free cash flow treats shares issued to employees as free. Percent of revenue says how expensive the payroll is; percent of operating cash flow says how much of the cash exists only because the charge was added back. The buyback offset is buybacks over SBC — below 1.0 the repurchase does not cover the shares issued.
Figures are the latest fiscal year (FY2025) from the company's own filings, not a trailing-twelve-month window — Q2 reads fiscal years throughout so the cash-conversion ratios and these share one basis. A blank is a line the filer did not report; it is never read as zero.